Effects of substrate sterilization,fungicide treatment,and mycorrhization helper bacteria on ectomycorrhizal formation of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) inoculated with Laccaria laccata in two peat bare-root nurseries

Summary Pedunculate oak seedlings (Quercus robur) inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria lacata were grown for 1 year on fertilized sphagnum peat in two nurseries. Three factors affecting microbial populations in the substrate were studied, fungicide treatment of the seeds, peat disinfection before sowing (methyl bromide or steam pasteurization), and inoculation with mycorrhization helper bacteria. Treatment of acorns with Iprodione had no depressive effect on mycorrhiza formation. Both disinfection techniques were equivalent, stimulating or depressing mycorrhiza formation depending on the initial microflora in the peat. The introduction of two previously selected mycorrhization helper bacteria (one Pseudomonas fluorescens and one unidentified fluorescent pseudomonad), isolated from L. laccata sporocarps associated with Douglas fir—L. laccata ectomycorrhizas in other nurseries, significantly increased the mycorrhizal rate from 30 to 53% of the short roots. The implications of these results for the controlled mycorrhization of planting stocks and the specificity of mycorrhization helper bacteria are discussed.     

苹果砧木苗根际微域环境的研究

本文以平邑甜茶，平顶海棠和新疆海棠三种苹果常用砧木苗试材，采用分层取样的根际箱法对其根际微域的环境状况进行了研究。结果表明，根际微域ｐＨ和氧化还原电位下降，Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ表现根际亏缺，Ｃａ和Ｍｇ在根表积累。     

鸡大肠杆菌菌苗免疫原性的研究

用不同的时间和温度培养鸡致病性Ｅ．ｃｌｏｉ，４１℃，４８ｈ和３７℃，７２ｈ均可见众多的菌毛，而在４１℃，４８ｈ的条件下，活菌数及菌毛产量均高于３７℃，７２ｈ的。用提取的菌毛、超声波灭活的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ制成油乳苗免疫鸡，用同型Ｏ５０菌株经后胸气囊攻毒后，免疫鸡无死亡，而氢氧化铝胶菌苗免疫组的死亡率为２０％，未免疫攻毒组死亡率为３３．３％。各免疫组幸存鸡平均病变级数均显著低于未免疫攻毒组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ的菌毛剂量为１２０μｇ／只和８０μｇ／只的油乳苗免疫组，在免疫后用同型Ｏ５０菌株攻击时，保护指数最高；当剂量为６０μｇ／只时，保护指数较高；而用３０μｇ／只的剂量免疫时，免疫无效。雏鸡经含菌毛、不含菌毛的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ超声波灭活油乳苗和福尔马林灭活油乳苗免疫后用同型Ｏ５０菌株攻毒，含菌毛菌苗的保护指数均高于相应的不含菌毛菌苗的；超声波灭活菌体的油乳苗免疫组幸存鸡平均病变级数低于福尔马林灭活菌体的油乳苗免疫组的；各免疫组与未免疫攻毒组幸存鸡平均病变级数差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

Expression of toll‐like receptor 2 mRNA in bronchial epithelial cells is not induced in RAO‐affected horses

Reasons for performing study: Airway inflammation in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is triggered by housing affected horses in stables. It has been suggested that RAO is an allergic condition, but innate immune mechanisms are also involved. Fungal products activate innate immune mechanisms through toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2). In human airway epithelium, TLR2 activation leads to interleukin (IL)‐8 production. This pathway is negatively regulated by the zinc finger protein A20. This study was performed to enhance understanding of innate immune mechanisms in RAO. Hypothesis: TLR2 and IL‐8 mRNA are elevated in RAO during stabling compared with controls. A20 mRNA is negatively associated with the numbers of airway inflammatory cells. Objectives: To determine TLR 2 , IL‐8 and A20 mRNA expression in lungs of stabled and pastured RAO‐affected and control horses. Methods: Airway obstruction and inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage were measured, and TLR 2 , IL‐8 and A20 mRNA expression quantified by qRT‐PCR in 6 RAO‐affected and 6 control horses, during and after exposure to hay and straw. Results: Airway obstruction and neutrophils were increased in RAO‐affected horses during stabling. While stabling increased IL‐ 8 , TLR2 and A20 mRNA were unaffected. TLR2 and A20 were significantly correlated (r = 0.83) and A20 mRNA was negatively associated with inflammatory cells. Potential relevance: Stabling does not lead to an increase in TLR2 expression. Other molecules or processes in the TLR2 cascade might be important in fungal‐induced airway inflammation. Equine epithelial‐derived A20 may be involved in modulation of airway inflammation.     

替米考星和甲硝唑对猪外周血淋巴细胞增殖的影响

采用细胞形态学观察、淋巴细胞标记和噻唑兰(MTT)法,探究替米考星和甲硝唑单独用药和联合用药对猪外周血淋巴细胞转化率、α-醋酸萘酯酶法阳性率和淋巴细胞增殖的影响。试验结果显示甲硝唑具有提高细胞免疫的功能。在体外试验时,终浓度为0.25~100μg/mL的甲硝唑可以促进淋巴细胞的增殖和转化;在体内试验时,浓度为2.5~10 mg/kg的甲硝唑可以增加成熟T淋巴细胞的数量。但是替米考星在体内和体外试验的结果却与阴性对照差异不显著,表明它不具有促进或抑制淋巴细胞增殖的能力,对机体的细胞免疫无影响。     

Genetic immunization with the immunodominant antigen P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae stimulates a mixed adaptive immune response in BALBc mice

A DNA vaccine against contagious agalactia was developed for the first time, encoding the P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Specific immune responses elicited in BALB/c mice were evaluated. Both total IgG and IgG1 were detected in mice vaccinated with pVAX1/P48. Proliferation of mononuclear cells of the spleen, levels of gamma interferon, interleukin-12, and interleukin-2 mRNAs were enhanced in immunized animals. Results indicate that pVAX1/P48 vaccination induced both T_h1 and T_h2 immune responses. Nucleic acid immunization could be a new strategy against M. agalactiae infections and may be potentially used to develop vaccines for other Mycoplasma diseases.     

The activity and expression of chitinase in the equine lung and its activity in normal horses and animals with recurrent airway obstruction

Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a chronic inflammatory condition in equine lung, which may share a common immunological basis with human asthma, in which dysregulated Th2 responses occur. Mammals express chitinases and chitinase-like proteins, two of which are active enzymes, chitotriosidase and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). Both enzymes are upregulated in a range of inflammatory conditions, including asthma. We investigated the activity of chitinase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with and without RAO in response to organic dust challenges. No significant differences were found in activity, although in one study RAO animals had elevated chitinase activity that fell short of statistical significance. The pH optimum and pH lability of the activity was consistent with the presence of chitotriosidase. RT-PCR amplification of the mRNA encoding chitotriosidase and AMCase in normal equine lung showed that chitotriosidase, but not AMCase, is expressed in trachea, bronchi, and peripheral lung tissue. The gene for chitotriosidase was identified from the Equus caballus (horse) genome 1.1 database and its similarity to the same genes from other species was determined. The results of this study indicate that the involvement of chitotriosidase in RAO is uncertain.     

复方中药对人工感染IBV雏鸡免疫指标的影响

采用滴鼻法对SPF鸡攻毒建立鸡传染性支气管炎感染模型,使用MTT法、流式细胞仪技术、气管环中和试验法等,从细胞免疫和体液免疫角度研究复方中药防治鸡传染性支气管炎的可能性.结果显示,与感染不给药组相比,复方中药组能显著增加病鸡的体质量(P<0.05),促进免疫器官生长发育,提高淋巴细胞转化率和血清中和抗体效价(P<0.05),极显著提高CD4+/CD8+比值(P<0.01).结果表明,复方中药能明显改善传染性支气管炎感染鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫功能低下的状态,具有提高机体抗病毒感染的作用.     

不同咸蛋腌制温度对禽流感毒灭活的影响

经人工接种H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的鸭蛋,分别在12℃、22℃和32℃条件下按常规方法腌制于饱和盐水中,同时以置饱和盐水中的禽流感病毒和未经处理禽流感病毒样品作为对照,通过MDCK细胞培养、间接免疫荧光方法定期进行禽流感病毒毒力测定,结果在12℃、22℃和32℃条件下腌制鸭蛋中的禽流感病毒分别于49天、27天和4天失去毒力,置饱和盐水中的禽流感病毒分别在27天、9天和2天失去毒力,而未经处理的禽流感病毒分别在92天、29天和17天失去毒力;不同试验温度条件下,以荧光RT-PCR检测腌制鸭蛋和对照样品中的禽流感病毒,在100天后仍可检出病毒核酸(Ct<30)。以上检测结果表明,在腌制鸭蛋时于常温下置饱和盐水腌制40天以上的传统咸蛋生产工艺,可使禽流感病毒完全失去毒力,腌制的鲜咸蛋携带或传播禽流感病毒的风险极低或不存在风险。